Gerunds and Infinitives

Atmak	to throw	aht-mahk	Kırmak	to break;	kır-mahk
Ayrılmak	to part	ahy-rıl-mahk	Kırılmak	to snap
Bağırmak	to cry, to shout	bahğır-mahk	Uçmak	to fly.	ooch-mahk
Yırtmak	to tear	yırt-mahk	Yırtılmak	to be torn
Birleşmek	to unite	beerlash-make
Bitmek	to finish	beet-make	satış	sale	sah-tısh
düşünmek	to think	dewshewn-mak	sevinmek	To rejoice	saveen-make
Daire	Circle, ring	dahr-ray	kimse	Nobody, Somebody	keem-say
kopmak	to break off	cohp-mahk
İtmek	to push	eet-make	Koymak	to put	coy-mahk
İp	string	eep	Duymak	to hear	dooy-mahk
Koklamak	to smell	cok-lah-mahk
Sarhoş	intoxicated, drunk	sahr-hosh

The GERUNDS and INFINITIVES

1. "-en" or "-an"

"-en" or "-an" is added to the stem (turning into "-yen" or "-yan" when the latter ends in vowel).

Girmek	to enter	giren	that enters
Giren adam kimdir?		Who is the man that comes in?

Uçmak	to fly	Uçan	that flies
Uçan daire		Flying saucer
Söylemek	to tell	söyleyen	that says
Yalan söyleyen çocuk		The boy that lies
okumak	to read	okuyan	that reads
Kitabı okuyan öğretmen		The teacher that reads the book

2. "-erek" or "-arak"
"-erek" or "-arak" is added to the stem, turning into "-yerek" or "-yarak" when the latter ends in a vowel.

koşmak	to run	koşarak	running
koşarak geldi		He came running
İtmek	to push	iterek	pushing
iterek kapıyı açtık		We opened the door by pushing
Birleşmek	to unite	birleşerek	uniting
Birleşerek işi başardık		We have been successful in the matter by uniting
Ağlamak	to cry	ağlayarak	crying
Çocuk ağlayarak uyudu		The child fell asleep while crying

Note. With "olarak", participle of the verb "olmak", locutions are obtained

ilk olarak	first of all	Son kez olarak	for the last time
Özel olarak	especially	Samimi olarak	sincerely
İlişik olarak	enclosed	Genel olarak	in general,generally
Ek olarak	in addition, moreover

3. Repetition of the form

The stem is repeated after having added an "-e" or "-a".

Koşmak	to run	koşa koşa	Running ( with warmth)
Koşa koşa geldiler		They came hurriedly
Sevmek	to love	seve seve	gladly, with pleasure
Seve seve kabul ettim		I accepted gladly
Bilmek	to know	bile bile	knowing, purposely
Bile bile yalan söyledi		He lied knowingly
Sormak	to ask	sora sora	Asking repeatedly
Sora sora yolumuzu bulduk		We found way by asking repeatedly

4. "-ken"

The suffix "-ken" (always invariable) is added to the 3 rd person singular of the general present tense.

Koşmak	to run	koşarken	in the act of running
Koşarken düştüm		I fell while running
Bağlamak	to tie	bağlarken	fastening
Bağlarken ip koptu		The string break off hile fastaning
Çalışmak	to work	çalışırken	working
Çalışırken sigara içmem		I don't smoke while working.
Koymak	to put	koyarken	putting
Şişe dolaba koyarken kırıldı.		The bottle broke to pieces while putting it in the cupboard.

5. "-ince"

"-ince" (or "-ınca, -ünce, -unca") is added to the stem ; when the latter ends in a vowel "-yince (or -yınca, -yünce, -yunca") is added.

Düşünmek	to think	düşünce	thinking
Bu işi düşününce sinirleniyorum		When I think of this matter, I become nervous
Bulmak	to find	bulunca	finding
Sizi evde bulunca sevindim		I was glad to find (finding) you at home.
Yıkamak	to wash	yıkayınca	washing
Gömleği yıkayınca yırtıldı.		While washing it, the shirt was torn
Bağırmak	to shout	bağırınca	shouting
Ona bağırınca beni duydu.		Having shouted at him, he heard me.

6. "-ip"

"-ip" (or "-ıp, -üp, "up") is added to the stem of the first verb and the conjunction "ve" (and drops, this suffix turns into "-yip" (or "-yıp, -yüp, -yup") whenever the stem ends in a vowel. The two verbs should have the same tense and the same person.

Instead of saying :		One says:
Gördü ve anladı	He saw and he understood	Görüp anladı.
Düştü ve kalktı	He fell and he rose	Düşüp kalktı.
	He smelled the flower and threw it	Çiçeği koklayıp attı.
	I sold the goods and collected the money	Malı satıp parayı aldım
	He opened the book and began to read	Kitabı açıp okumağa başladı

7.Form meaning " as soon as"

It is formed by the 3 rd person singular of the general present tense (see 17 th lesson) followed by its negative form.

Görmek	to see	Seni görür görmez kaçtı.	He run away as soon as he saw you.
İçmek	to drink	Şarap içer içmez, sarhoş olur.	As soon as he drinkswine, he gets intoxicated.
Bitmek	to finish	işim biter bitmez sinemaya gideceğim.	As soon as I finish my job, I shall go to the cinema.
Almak	to take	Sizden haber alır almaz geleceğim.	I shall come as soon as I hear from you.
Demek	to say	Bunu der demez, kalkıp gitti.	He went away as soon as he said that.

8. "-meden" (or "-madan") ; "-sizin" (or "-sızın")

Görmek	to see	Beni görmeden ayrılmayınız.	Do not leave before seeing me.
Cevap vermek	to answer	Cevap vermeksizin odadan çıktı.	He left the room without any answer.

a) "-meden" (or "-madan") is added to the stem.

b) "-sizin" (or "-sızın") is added to the infinitive.

Sormak	to take	Bana sormadan, satış yapmayınız.	Do not make any sale without asking me
Almak	to take	Bilet almakzınız sinemaya giremeyiz.	We cannot get in cinema without buying tickets
Yemek	to eat
içmek	to drink	Yemeden içmeden çalışamayız	Don't study without eating and drinking)
Açmak	to open	Pencereyi açmaksınız hava alınmaz.	We cannot have air without opening the window.

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