The Suffix

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yazmak

To write

yahz-mahk

yazılmak

to be written

yahzıl-mahk

Mektup çoktan yazıldı.

The letter has been written.

Make-toop chochc-tahn yahzıl-dı.

Okumak

To read

Ocoo-mahk

okunmak

to be read

ocoon-mahk

Kitap heniz okunmadı.

The book has not been read

Ketahp hay-newz ocoon-maydı yet.

The suffix of the "passive voice" is "-il" (or "-ıl, -ül, -ul") put between the stem and the termination; this suffix turns into "-in" (or "-ın, -ün, -un") when the stem ends in "l". If the stem ends in a vowel, the suffix is merely an "n".

çoktan	for a long time, long ago.	chohc-tahn	Henüz	Just, yet	hay-newz
herkes	everbody	hare-kess	Dikmek	to sew.	deek-make
Öpmek	to kiss	öp-make	Pişmek	to cook	peesh-make
Çalmak	to rob, To steal, to play music	chchl -mahk	Yatmak	to lie down	yaht-mahk
aramak	to seek	ahrah-mahk	Değil mi?	isn't it?	dayğeel me?
elbise	clothes	ale-be-say	Ağlamak	to cry, to weep	ahğ-lah-mahk
düşmek	to fall	dewsh-make	Korkmak	to fear, to be frightened	cork-mahk
Akmak	to flow, to leak	ahk-mahk	Bağlamak	to tie, to fasten	bahğ-lahmahk
Varmak	to arrive, to reach	vahr-mahk	Dövmek	to strike. To beat.	döv-make

Sevmek	To love	sevilmek	to be loved
Satmak	To sell	satılmak	to be sold
Öpmek	To kiss	öpülmek	to be kissed
Bulmak	To find	bulunmak	to be found
Çantam çalındı	My bag has been stolen

Biletler henüz alınmadı.	The tickets haven't been bought (taken) yet; (taken) yet; they II be bought.
Hırsız aranacak	Thief will be sought
Paul herkesçe seviliyor.	Paul is loved by everbody.
Çanta bulundu mu?	Has the bag been found?
Arandı ve bulundu	It has been sought and it has been found

Sevmek	to love	Sevdirmek	to let or cause to beloved
Yazmak	to write	Yazdırmak	to cause to write orbe written
Dövmek	to beat	Dövdürmek	to let be beaten
Sormak	to ask	Sordurmak	to let be asked

The suffix of the "causative" mood is "-dir" (or "-dır, -dür, -dur") applied to the stem.When the latter ends in "ç,f,h,k,p,s,ş,t" (see the note of lesson 2), the suffix turns into "-tir" (or "-tır, -tür, -tur").

Dikmek	to sew	Diktirmek	to let or make sew
Açmak	to open	Açtırmak	to cause to open to letbe opened
Öpmek	to kiss	Öptürmek	to let be kissed
Etmek	to do	Ettirmek	to cause to do
Koşmak	to run	Koşturmak	to let or cause torun

If the stem ends in a vowel the suffix is merely a "t". Likewise, when the stem ends in "r" or "I", some verbs have "-t" as suffix.

oturmak	to sit down	oturtmak	to seat
Ağlamak	to weep	Ağlatmak	to cause to weep
Yürümek	to walk	Yürütmek	to let or cause to walk
Yıkamak	to wash	Yıkatmak	to let or make wash

Some verbs from the " causative " mood with the following suffixes and their derivatives : "-ir, -er, -ar, -it".

Akmak	to flow	Akıtmak	to let or make flow
Düşmek	to fall	Düşürmek	to cause to fall, to letor make fall
içmek	to drink	içirmek	to make or cause to drink
Korkmak	to fear	Korkutmak	to frighten
Yatmak	to lie down	Yatırmak	to let or cause toliedown

Beni koşturdunuz.	You made me run.
Çocuğu ağlatıyorsunuz.	You are making the child cry.
Beni konuşturmuyorsunuz.	You don't let me talk.
Bir elbise diktiriyorum.	I am having a dress sewed for me
Kendimi öptürmeyeceğim.	I won't let myself be kisssed.
Gömlerğimi yıkatmak istiyorum.	I want to have my shirt washed.
Mektubunu Paul' a yazdırdım.	I let Paul write my letter.

Sevmek =. –	To love	sevebilmek	to be able to love
Varmak =. -	To reach	varabilmek	to be able to reach
Bağlamak = -	To tie	bağlayabilmek	to be able to tie
Yürümek = -	To walk	yürüyebilmek	to be able to walk.
Sevmek –	To love	sevebilmek	to be unable to love
Varmak =. -.	To reach	varamamak	to be unable to reach
Bağlamak =. –.	To tie	bağlayamamak	to be unable to tie
Yürümek =. -.	To walk	yürüyememek	to be unable to walk

The "possibility" or "ability" form (can, may) is formed by adding "-e" (or "-a") to the stem; followed by the suffix "-bilmek" ( meaning here: to be able to, to be in a position to, to be allowed to, etc.). When the stem is ended in a vowel, "-e" (or "-a") turns into "-ye" (or "-ya").

In the negative form "-e, -a, -ye, -ya" turn into "-eme, -ama, -yeme, -yama" and "bilmek" is dropped.

Cevap verebilirim.	I can answer.
Dikkat edebilirdin.	You could pay attention.
Kabul edemeyeceğim.	I won't be able to accept.
Şarkı söyleyebilirim	I can ( I am allowed to ) sing.
değil mi?	isn't it?
Rahatsız olabilirdi.	He could be disturbed.
Nefes alamıyorum.	I cannot breathe.
Ödünç veremeyiz.	We are not in a position to lend.
Ödünç alabilirsiniz.	You can ( or may ) borrow.
Haber alamayacağız.	We won't be able to have news.
Özür dileyebilirdiniz.	You could apologize.
Kardeşimi görebildiniz mi?	Could you see my brother?
Evet, görebildim.	Yes, I could see him.
Hayır, göremedim.	No, I couldn't see him.
Tiyatroya gidebildiniz mi?	Could you go to the theatre?
Hayır, tiyatroya gidemedik.	No, we couldn't go to the theatre.
Gözlüksüz görebiliyor musunuz?	Can you see without spectacles?
Hayır, gözlüksüz göremem.	No, I cannot see without glasses.

".... ten" (or tan) sonra	After having...
Yedikten sonra	After having ate
Okuduktan sonra	After having read
Yürüdükten sonra	After having walked
Yaptıktan sonra	After having done.

As you can see, expressions with "after having" (or "having") are formed in Turkish by adding to the first person plural of the past tense of verbs (see 19 th lesson) the particle "-ten" (or "-tan").

Mektubu yazdıktan sonra, postaneye gittim.
After having written the letter, I went to the post office.

Dersimi öğrendikten sonra, sinemaya gittim.
(After) having learned my lesson, I went to the movies.

Ona baktıktan sonra, onu tanıdım.
(After) having looked at him, I recognizes him.

Belgeyi imza ettikten sonra, pişman oldu.
( After )having sined the document, he repented it.

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